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Design concepts of an aircraft wing: composite and morphing airfoil with auxetic structures

P R BUDARAPU,Sudhir Sastry Y B,R NATARAJAN

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2016年第10卷第4期页码 394-408 doi: 10.1007/s11709-016-0352-z

摘要： This paper is categorized into two parts. (1) A frame work to design the aircraft wing structure and (2) analysis of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The developed design frame work in the first part is used to arrive at the sizes of the various components of an aircraft wing structure. The strength based design is adopted, where the design loads are extracted from the aerodynamic loads. The aerodynamic loads acting on a wing structure are converted to equivalent distributed loads, which are further converted point loads to arrive at the shear forces, bending and twisting moments along the wing span. Based on the estimated shear forces, bending and twisting moments, the strength based design is employed to estimate the sizes of various sections of a composite wing structure. A three dimensional numerical model of the composite wing structure has been developed and analyzed for the extreme load conditions. Glass fiber reinforced plastic material is used in the numerical analysis. The estimated natural frequencies are observed to be in the acceptable limits. Furthermore, the discussed design principles in the first part are extended to the design of a morphing airfoil with auxetic structure. The advantages of the morphing airfoil with auxetic structure are (i) larger displacement with limited straining of the components and (ii) unique deformation characteristics, which produce a theoretical in-plane Poisson’s ratio of −1. Aluminum Alloy AL6061-T651 is considered in the design of all the structural elements. The compliance characteristics of the airfoil are investigated through a numerical model. The numerical results are observed to be in close agreement with the experimental results in the literature.

关键词： wing design aerodynamic loads morphing airfoil auxetic structures negative Poisson’s ratio

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Deformation analysis of shape memory polymer for morphing wing skin under airflow

Weilong YIN, Jingcang LIU, Jinsong LENG,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2009年第4卷第4期页码 447-449 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0062-5

摘要： The method for analyzing the out-of-plane deformation of a flexible skin under airflow is developed in this paper. The aerodynamic analysis is performed using the CFD software, and the structural analysis is performed using finite element method. The chief aim of the present study is to investigate the out-of-plane deformation of the shape memory polymer (SMP) skin at different temperatures. Numerical results show that the maximum out-of-plane displacement of the SMP skin increases with increasing temperature. When the SMP skin is heated to 53°C, the maximum out-of-plane displacement is about 7 mm. It decreases by 72%, when the SMP skin is applied with a uniform pre-strain of 0.1.

关键词： aircraft morphing skin shape memory polymer (SMP) deformation pre-strain

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Kinematical synthesis of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing applications

J. AGUIRREBEITIA, R. AVILéS, I. FERNáNDEZ, M. ABASOLO

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第1期页码 17-32 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0364-5

摘要：

This paper presents the kinematical features of an inversion of the double linked fourbar for morphing wing purposes. The structure of the mechanism is obtained using structural synthesis concepts, from an initial conceptual schematic. Then, kinematic characteristics as instant center of rotation, lock positions, dead point positions and uncertainty positions are derived for this mechanism in order to face the last step, the dimensional synthesis; in this sense, two kinds of dimensional synthesis are arranged to guide the wing along two positions, and to fulfill with the second one some aerodynamic and minimum actuation energy related issues.

关键词： morphing wing structural synthesis dimensional synthesis geometrical kinematics

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Structural design of morphing trailing edge actuated by SMA

Qi WANG, Zhiwei XU, Qian ZHU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2013年第8卷第3期页码 268-275 doi: 10.1007/s11465-013-0261-y

摘要：

In this paper, the morphing trailing edge is designed to achieve the up and down deflection under the aerodynamic load. After a detailed and accurate computational analysis to determine the SMA specifications and layout programs, a solid model is created in CATIA and the structures of the morphing wing trailing edge are produced by CNC machining. A set of DSP measurement and control system is designed to accomplish the controlling experiment of the morphing wing trailing edge. At last, via the force analysis, the trailing edge is fabricated with four sections of aluminum alloy, and the arrangement scheme of SMA wires is determined. Experiment of precise control integral has been performed to survey the control effect. The experiment consists of deflection angle tests of the third joint and the integral structure. Primarily, the ultimate deflection angle is tested in these two experiments. Therefore, the controlling experiment of different angles could be performed within this range. The results show that the deflection error is less than 4% and response time is less than 6.7 s, the precise controlling of the morphing trailing edge is preliminary realized.

关键词： morphing wing trailing edge shape memory alloy digital signal processor PID algorithm

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Design and applications of morphing aircraft and their structures

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2023年第18卷第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11465-023-0750-6

摘要： Morphing aircraft can adaptively regulate their aerodynamic layout to meet the demands of varying flight conditions, improve their aerodynamic efficiency, and reduce their energy consumption. The design and fabrication of high-performance, lightweight, and intelligent morphing structures have become a hot topic in advanced aircraft design. This paper discusses morphing aircraft development history, structural characteristics, existing applications, and future prospects. First, some conventional mechanical morphing aircraft are examined with focus on their morphing modes, mechanisms, advantages, and disadvantages. Second, the novel applications of several technologies for morphing unmanned aerial vehicles, including additive manufacturing for fabricating complex morphing structures, lattice technology for reducing structural weight, and multi-mode morphing combined with flexible skins and foldable structures, are summarized and categorized. Moreover, in consideration of the further development of active morphing aircraft, the paper reviews morphing structures driven by smart material actuators, such as shape memory alloy and macro-fiber composites, and analyzes their advantages and limitations. Third, the paper discusses multiple challenges, including flexible structures, flexible skins, and control systems, in the design of future morphing aircraft. Lastly, the development and application of morphing structures in the aerospace field are discussed to provide a reference for future research and engineering applications.

关键词： morphing aircraft additive manufacturing lattice structure smart material flexible structure flexible skin

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Investigations on color variations of Morpho rhetenor butterfly wing scales

Guanglan LIAO, Haibo ZUO, Xuan JIANG, Xuefeng YANG, Tielin SHI

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2012年第7卷第4期页码 394-400 doi: 10.1007/s11465-012-0347-y

摘要：

Experiments and simulations are carried out to investigate the optical properties of butterfly wing scales. The upper surface of a male butterfly wing presents a single-layer of scales, the microstructures of which are responsible for the brilliant blue color. The color varies from cyan blue to yellow green and soon afterwards returns back to cyan blue when some ethanol is dropped on the upper surface. At the start of the ethanol volatilization process, the reflection spectrum remains stable. As the ethanol further volatilizes, the peak reflectance decreases slightly, then increases dramatically. Meanwhile, the peak wavelength keeps approximately constant, then decreases, and keeps almost stable at the end of the process. Therefore, the optical properties depend strongly on the varying ambient conditions, including the refractive index and the thickness of the packing medium. Moreover, the possible causes for the scales in dark green region after several dropping ethanol experiments are clarified. This research benefits our understanding of the color variation mechanisms of the wing scales, and provides inspiration for further studies and applications.

关键词： Morpho rhetenor microstructures color variations ambient medium

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Deformation characteristics of corrugated composites for morphing wings

Ruijun GE, Bangfeng WANG, Changwei MOU, Yong ZHOU,

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2010年第5卷第1期页码 73-78 doi: 10.1007/s11465-009-0063-4

摘要： To meet the needs of morphing and withstand aerodynamic loads of a morphing wing skin, a corrugated glass fabric-epoxy laminated composite is prepared and investigated in this paper. This composite is flexible in the corrugated direction and stiff in the transverse direction to the corrugation. FEM models are established and solved to predict the characteristics of the composites by the commercial FEM software ANSYS. The relationship between the configuration of elongation and tensile load along the corrugation direction is obtained through numerical simulation. To reflect the stretching superiority of the configuration, the elongation of corrugated and flat composites is calculated and compared under the same tensile load. The linear cumulative effect of corrugated composites deformation is proved by calculating the elongation of the composites with several different corrugation numbers. Several corrugated composite specimens were manufactured and tested to verify the results of numerical analysis and the equivalent elastic modulus of the composites were also evaluated through the specimen tests. Results of simulation and experiments show that the corrugated composite provided in this paper can afford obviously larger deformation than the flat one. The corrugated composite can provide a possible choice for morphing wing skin.

关键词： corrugated composites deformation characteristic numerical analysis experiment

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Module-based method for design and analysis of reconfigurable parallel robots

Fengfeng XI, Yuwen LI, Hongbo WANG

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2011年第6卷第2期页码 151-159 doi: 10.1007/s11465-011-0121-6

摘要：

This paper presents a method for the design and analysis of reconfigurable parallel robots. The inherent modularity in a parallel robot lends itself as a natural candidate for reconfiguration. By taking the branches as building blocks, many modular parallel robots can be constructed, from which a reconfigurable parallel robot can be realized. Among three types of reconfigurations, namely, geometry morphing, topology morphing, and group morphing, the method presented here is for the last two reconfigurations, thereby advancing the current research that is mainly limited to geometry morphing. It is shown that the module-based method not only provides a systematic way of designing a reconfigurable parallel robot, but also offers a unified modeling for robot analysis. Two examples are provided, one showing the topology morphing and the other showing the group morphing.

关键词： reconfigurable parallel robot topology morphing group morphing

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动力气垫地效翼船的设计特点及其发展前景

恽良,邬成杰,谢佑农,彭桂华

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第3期页码 67-72

摘要：

文章简要地阐述了动力气垫地效翼船（又名两栖地效翼船）的设计特点及其在中国的发展过程。同时也指出其在军、民方面可能的发展前景，即设想发展一种同时具有两栖性、高速性、耐波性，既可在地效区内高速稳定航行，也可飞出地效区作空中跳跃、机动，还可作软着陆的两栖地效飞行器（Amphibious WIG Plane）,与俄罗斯最近发展的地效飞行器（Экранолëт）极为相似。

关键词：动力气垫两栖地效翼船特点前景

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Modeling process-structure-property relationships for additive manufacturing

WAGNER, Wing Kam LIU

《机械工程前沿（英文）》 2018年第13卷第4期页码 482-492 doi: 10.1007/s11465-018-0505-y

摘要：

This paper presents our latest work on comprehensive modeling of process-structure-property relationships for additive manufacturing (AM) materials, including using data-mining techniques to close the cycle of design-predict-optimize. To illustrate the process-structure relationship, the multi-scale multi-physics process modeling starts from the micro-scale to establish a mechanistic heat source model, to the meso-scale models of individual powder particle evolution, and finally to the macro-scale model to simulate the fabrication process of a complex product. To link structure and properties, a high-efficiency mechanistic model, self-consistent clustering analyses, is developed to capture a variety of material response. The model incorporates factors such as voids, phase composition, inclusions, and grain structures, which are the differentiating features of AM metals. Furthermore, we propose data-mining as an effective solution for novel rapid design and optimization, which is motivated by the numerous influencing factors in the AM process. We believe this paper will provide a roadmap to advance AM fundamental understanding and guide the monitoring and advanced diagnostics of AM processing.

关键词： additive manufacturing thermal fluid flow data mining material modeling

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动力气垫地效翼船的流体空气动力性能研究

恽良,邬成杰,谢佑农

《中国工程科学》 2000年第2卷第4期页码 48-52

摘要：

文章简要阐述了动力气垫地效翼船的空气-流体动力设计特点和难点，及“天鹅”号地效翼船的试验研究。由于采取一系列措施，使艇在静垫升性、两栖性、耐波性与气动力配平和运动稳定性等方面，在船模与实船上均取得令人满意的结果。

关键词：动力气垫地效翼船性能

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基于自组织映射的增材制造中数据驱动式微观组织和显微硬度设计 Article

Wagner, 曹简, Wing Kam Liu

《工程（英文）》 2019年第5卷第4期页码 730-735 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2019.03.014

摘要：

为了在镍基高温合金的增材制造（AM）中设计微观组织和显微硬度，本研究提出了一种新的数据驱动方法，该方法结合了物理模型、实验测量和数据挖掘方法。该模拟基于计算热流体动力学（CtFD）模型，可以获得热行为、凝固参数（如冷却速度）和凝固层的稀释率。根据计算出的热信息，可利用经过充分测试的力学模型估算枝晶臂间距和显微硬度。通过实验测定试样的微观结构和显微硬度，与模拟值进行比较验证。为了实现过程-组织-性能（PSP）关系的可视化，模拟及实验数据集被输入到数据挖掘模型——自组织映射（SOM）中。在多目标下，工艺参数的设计窗口可以从可视化映射中得到。这种被提出的方法可用于AM和其他数据密集型工艺过程。过程、组织和性能之间的数据驱动联系可能会有利于在线过程监控控制，从而获得理想的微观组织和力学性能。

关键词：增材制造数据科学多重物理建模自组织映射微观结构显微硬度镍基高温合金

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高层建筑抗风智能幕墙 Article

丁菲, Ahsan Kareem

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第12期页码 1443-1453 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.07.020

摘要：

世界各地城市高层建筑的蓬勃发展使人们对其抗风性能提出了新要求。这涉及选择建筑外形使其风荷载最小化和有效传递荷载的结构拓扑形式。现行方法通常是在设计中寻找最优外形，但是会将其限定在静态或固定的建筑形式下。以台北101和哈利法塔的外形设计为例，气动外形修正通过修改建筑物的外观设计在减小风荷载和风致建筑物响应方面有很好的应用前景。在这些建筑物设计中，引入了横截面的倒角调整和锥度设计。除此之外，另一种引人注目的方案是设计一个能适应城市高楼林立复杂风环境变化的建筑，即设计动态立面。建筑形状的自主动态变形超越了传统静态形状优化设计，通过将传感、计算、传动装置和工程信息学融合在一起的信息物理系统而实现，并在本研究中进行了论证。新提出的方法将使建筑物能够智能地改变其轮廓，最大限度减弱动态风荷载激励，并有望通过利用计算设计的迅速发展，推动高层建筑设计从传统的静态立面转变为动态立面。

关键词：高层建筑气动外形修正自主变形信息物理系统计算设计代理模型机器学习

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无人机仿射编队跟踪控制研究 Research Articles

李慧铭,陈浩,王祥科

《信息与电子工程前沿（英文）》 2022年第23卷第6期页码 909-919 doi: 10.1631/FITEE.2100109

摘要：

本文聚焦固定翼无人机集群仿射编队跟踪控制问题，其中固定翼无人机被建模为具有非对称速度约束的独轮车。无人机集群控制目标是生成并跟踪一个由名义编队仿射变换得到的时变目标编队。针对这一目标，在领航跟随者编队控制框架下，提出一种基于应力矩阵的分布式编队控制策略，并从理论上证明，跟随者在跟踪不同飞行轨迹的同时，能够收敛到由领航者位置决定的期望位置，实现编队队形的仿射变换。进一步，为满足固定翼无人机飞行速度约束，提出一种基于饱和函数的控制策略。数值仿真结果证实，所提仿射编队控制策略能有效提高机动性。

关键词：仿射编队；固定翼无人机；多智能体系统

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一种系统性制造3D打印患者匹配式颅颌面重建植入物的方法 Article

杜如虚, 苏宇雄, 颜瑜, 蔡颖珊, 杨伟发, 张春雨, 陈贤帅, Justin Paul Curtin, 欧阳江林, 张碧涛

《工程（英文）》 2020年第6卷第11期页码 1291-1301 doi: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.019

摘要：

通常，在头颈部外科中广泛应用的颅颌面重建植入物都被制造为标准样式。在手术过程中，医生必须手工弯折颅颌面重建植入物以匹配不同患者的骨骼解剖结构。弯曲植入物的过程非常耗时，尤其是对于一些缺乏经验的外科医生来说，很难操作。此外，反复的弯折可能会使得植入物内应力集中，在咀嚼载荷作用下易发生疲劳，最终导致植入物疲劳断裂、螺钉松动、骨吸收等并发症。目前已有一些关于3D打印颅颌面重建患者匹配式植入物的报道，但很少有人考虑到植入物的质量问题。在本文中，我们提出了一种制作颅颌面重建3D打印手术植入物的系统性方法。这一方法包括三个部分的内容：首先，我们基于SolidWorks^®软件开发出一个容易使用的设计模块，该模块可帮助外科医生设计手术用颅颌面重建植入物及其辅助工具；设计工程师可以在此基础上进行更详细的设计，并借助有限元模拟来优化设计。接着，制造过程可分为三个步骤进行：第一步检测原材料粉末，第二步设置适当参数进行3D打印，第三步对3D打印产品进行后处理（即热处理和表面处理）以保证植入物的质量和性能。最后，对植入物进行成品检测和消毒后用于颅颌面重建手术中，术后再使用患者信息追踪软件辅助术后康复随访。采用这种方法，目前我们已成功完成了41例手术。3D打印患者匹配式植入物有很多优点，能减少手术时间，加快患者恢复。此外，本文提出的方法也有助于保证植入物的质量安全。

关键词：患者匹配式植入物颅颌面重建 3D打印手术